What is the MMR vaccine?
The MMR vaccine (measles-mumps-rubella) is a combined vaccine that helps protect against three highly infectious viral illnesses:
Measles: Measles (rubeola) is a viral infection that triggers fever, coughing, red eyes and a distinct rash. In severe cases, it can result in complications such as pneumonia, seizures or encephalitis, a dangerous inflammation of the brain. The virus spreads easily through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes and can remain active in the air or on surfaces for up to two hours.
Mumps: Mumps can cause headaches, muscle pain, fatigue and swelling in salivary glands. In some cases, it can lead to serious issues like encephalitis, hearing loss or other complications.
Rubella: Rubella, also called German measles, causes fever, a sore throat and a rash that begins on the face before spreading. If contracted during pregnancy, it can cause serious health problems for newborns.
What is the MMRV vaccine?
The MMRV vaccine protects against measles, mumps and rubella, but also adds an additional layer of protection from chickenpox (varicella). This vaccine is only available for children from 12 months to 12 years of age. Anyone older than 13 will receive the MMR vaccine.
Why is the MMR vaccine important?
The MMR vaccine is an important shield against three highly contagious viruses that can lead to serious health problems and even death. Measles spreads easily, with a single infected person able to pass it on to almost every unprotected person they interact with.
By receiving the MMR vaccine, you not only protect yourself from these viruses, but you also help protect people in your community who cannot receive vaccines, like babies or those with certain medical conditions.
Is the MMR vaccine safe?
The MMR vaccine has been available since 1971 and has been proven to be both safe and effective. Most people experience mild side effects, if any, and the benefits of vaccination and protection against measles, mumps and rubella outweigh the risks.
Who should get the MMR vaccine?
The MMR vaccine is recommended for children, adults without immunity, healthcare workers, international travelers and those at higher risk during outbreaks. The MMR vaccine schedule outlines the timing and dosage based on your age, risk factors and vaccination history to ensure optimal protection.
Babies and young children
It is recommended that children receive two doses of the MMR vaccine.
- The first dose should be given between 12 and 15 months old.
- The second dose should be received between four and six years of age. Children can receive the second dose earlier as long as it is at least 28 days after the first dose.
Young adults or college students
For young adults or people headed to college or higher-education facilities who may not yet have immunity, it is recommended that you receive two doses of the MMR vaccine at least 28 days apart.
Adults
If you are uncertain about your immunity, you should receive at least one dose. However, if you are grouped among people in high-risk settings, such as college students, healthcare workers and international travelers, you should get two doses of the MMR vaccine at least 28 days apart.
International travelers
The MMR vaccine is important for international travelers as these highly contagious viruses remain prevalent in many countries around the world and can put unvaccinated people at risk. Being properly vaccinated helps prevent the spread of these diseases both abroad and here at home, protecting those who are vulnerable or cannot be vaccinated.
- Infants between six and 11 months should receive a single dose of the MMR vaccine. If vaccinated before their first birthday, they will need two additional doses: one at 12–15 months and another at least 28 days later.
- Children 12 months and older should receive two doses, spaced at least 28 days apart.
Teens and adults without confirmed immunity to measles should also get two doses, given at least 28 days apart.
Healthcare providers
Healthcare providers should have documented evidence of immunity to have on file or provide to your employer if needed. If you do not have proof of vaccination or have not yet received the MMR vaccination, you should arrange to get two doses of the MMR vaccine.
Women of childbearing age
Women of childbearing age who are planning to become pregnant should ensure they are up to date on the MMR vaccine before conception. You should receive the MMR vaccine at least one month before becoming pregnant, if you’re not immune.
While the MMR vaccine is safe and effective, it is not recommended to receive the MMR vaccine during pregnancy as it contains live, weakened viruses. Talk to your doctor if you have questions.
Who should NOT get the MMR vaccine?
You should avoid or delay MMR vaccination if you have the following health conditions or medical histories:
- You are pregnant or planning to become pregnant within the next month
- Have a weakened immune system
- Are moderately to severely ill
- Recently received a blood transfusion or treatment with blood products
- Have severe or life-threatening allergies to vaccine components
- Have a family history of immune system disorders
- Have a condition that causes easy bleeding or bruising
- Contracted tuberculosis
- Received another vaccine within the past month
Always consult your healthcare provider with questions or to receive further guidance on receiving the MMR vaccine.
Potential MMR vaccine side effects
You may experience some mild side effects from the MMR vaccine that do not require medical attention, such as:
- Pain, bruising, redness or swelling at the injection site
- Cough
- Diarrhea
- Feeling tired or fatigued
- Fever of 100° F or less
- Headache
- Nausea or vomiting
- Swollen or painful lymph nodes
Uncommon side effects
Although uncommon, the MMR vaccine may lead to more significant side effects. If you experience any of these, reach out to your healthcare provider for medical attention:
- Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), which can include a skin rash, itching, hives and the swelling of your face, lips or tongue
- Difficulty breathing
- Changes in hearing, vision or behavior
- Difficulty walking
- A rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Fever over 100° F
- Sensations of pain, tingling or numbness in hands or feet
- Seizures
- Unusual bleeding or bruising
MMR vaccine and autism
There is no evidence that the MMR vaccine is a cause of autism in children. Extensive scientific studies involving children worldwide who received the MMR vaccination confirm that the vaccine is safe and does not contribute to autism development.
The spread of misinformation has led to vaccine hesitancy, which can increase the risk of outbreaks. Vaccination remains the best way to protect against measles, mumps and rubella while ensuring public health.
How effective is the MMR vaccine in preventing measles, mumps and rubella?
The MMR vaccine has been proven to be effective with just two doses and provides lifelong protection.
One dose of the MMR vaccine is:
- 93% effective in preventing measles
- 78% effective in preventing mumps
- 97% effective in preventing rubella
Two doses of the MMR vaccine are:
- 97% effective in preventing measles
- 88% effective in preventing mumps
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When to get an MMR vaccine booster?
The MMR vaccine booster is an additional dose given to people who may not have developed full immunity after the initial two-dose series. While most people have lifelong protection, a booster may be recommended for:
- Adults without evidence of immunity, including healthcare workers, international travelers and those at higher risk during outbreaks.
- People in outbreak settings, such as colleges or communities with measles cases.
- People with weakened immune responses, as determined by a healthcare provider.
If you are unsure about your immunity, a blood test can check your antibody levels to determine if a booster is needed, although this isn’t recommended for everyone. Talk to your provider if you have questions about your vaccination history.
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What should I do if I'm unsure whether I'm immune to measles?
If you are uncertain about your immunity to measles, start by checking your vaccination record or any documentation you have access to confirming measles immunity. If you cannot locate proof, it’s recommended that you receive the MMR vaccine. Getting another dose poses no risk, even if you’re already immune to measles, mumps or rubella.
Should you get vaccinated if exposed to measles, mumps and rubella?
If you've been exposed to measles, mumps or rubella, and are not currently vaccinated, you should contact your healthcare provider about receiving the MMR vaccine.
Receiving the MMR vaccine after exposure is safe and may help prevent the development of the virus. When given within 72 hours of measles exposure, the MMR vaccine can offer some protection or reduce the severity of the virus.
If you’re already vaccinated, you do not need another dose of the vaccine if exposed. The MMR vaccine provides long-lasting immunity for most people who completed the recommended vaccination schedule.
Where can I get MMR vaccine?
Reach out to your primary care provider or your child’s pediatrician if you have questions or are ready to schedule an appointment to receive the MMR vaccine. If you don't have a primary care doctor, find one near you.
Frequently asked questions
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Is MMR a live vaccine?
Yes, the MMR vaccine is a weakened, live virus. After the vaccine is received, it causes a harmless infection with few or no symptoms. This controlled exposure allows your immune system to recognize and combat measles, mumps and rubella, developing protective immunity against them.
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How long does MMR vaccine last?
The MMR vaccine provides long-lasting immunity, typically for life, after the recommended two doses. However, in rare cases, some people may require a booster if immunity levels decrease.
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What is the MMR vaccine schedule?
Following the MMR vaccine schedule, children typically receive two doses, with the first dose given between 12 and 15 months of age. Unvaccinated adults and high-risk people should consult their healthcare provider for catch-up vaccinations.
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How many MMR vaccines do you need?
The MMR vaccine typically requires just two doses and provides lifelong protection.
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How often do you need MMR vaccine?
If you had two doses of the MMR vaccine as a child, you likely have lifelong protection. If you only had one dose, you may need a second one. People born before 1957 may have had measles as children and are already immune.
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Is it safe to receive the MMR vaccine if you are breastfeeding?
Yes, the MMR vaccine is safe for breastfeeding women and does not affect your baby through breast milk.